1. The direct urine test used by the laboratory is a valid and reliable test for the detection of r-EPO in urine (the respondents have failed to cast doubt on the evidence brought forth by the IAAF that 80% is a reasonable cut-off point that largely eliminates the risk of false positives in urinary r-EPO test); this direct urine test has sufficient international acceptance for the purpose of detecting r-EPO in the urine of athletes.