I. Introduction

Advocacy is the art of persuasion on behalf of a person or cause.1

Forensic advocacy is that art or skill performed in the context of legal

proceedings. In this chapter I deal exclusively with advocacy in

international litigation, that is to say, in proceedings before an

international court or arbitral tribunal which is distinct from any

specific national legal system. Of course this covers a considerable

range of possibilities – from the International Court of Justice to ad

hoc tribunals; from inter-state arbitral tribunals to mixed tribunals of

various kinds dealing with cases between individuals and states –

even, on a certain view, to International Chamber of Commerce

arbitration which is disconnected from any particular place where the

parties worked and the dispute arose and is thus in some sense
internationalized.2 Given this wide range of possibilities, the level of